Implement Wave Generation Functionality in The PSLab Android App
The PSLab Android App works as an Oscilloscope using the audio jack of Android device. The implementation for the scope using in-built mic is discussed in the post Using the Audio Jack to make an Oscilloscope in the PSLab Android App. Another application which can be implemented by hacking the audio jack is Wave Generation. We can generate different types of signals on the wires connected to the audio jack using the Android APIs that control the Audio Hardware. In this post, I will discuss about how we can generate wave by using the Android APIs for controlling the audio hardware.
Configuration of Audio Jack for Wave Generation
Simply cut open the wire of a cheap pair of earphones to gain control of its terminals and attach alligator pins by soldering or any other hack(jugaad) that you can think of. After you are done with the tinkering of the earphone jack, it should look something like shown in the image below.
If your earphones had mic, it would have an extra wire for mic input. In any general pair of earphones the wire configuration is almost the same as shown in the image below.
Android APIs for Controlling Audio Hardware
AudioRecord and AudioTrack are the two classes in Android that manages recording and playback respectively. For Wave Generation application we only need AudioTrack class.
Creating an AudioTrack object: We need the following parameters to initialise an AudioTrack object.
STREAM TYPE: Type of stream like STREAM_SYSTEM, STREAM_MUSIC, STREAM_RING, etc. For wave generation purpose we are using stream music. Every stream has its own maximum and minimum volume level.
SAMPLING RATE: it is the rate at which source samples the audio signal.
BUFFER SIZE IN BYTES: total size in bytes of the internal buffer from where the audio data is read for playback.
MODES: There are two modes
- MODE_STATIC: Audio data is transferred from Java to native layer only once before the audio starts playing.
- MODE_STREAM: Audio data is streamed from Java to native layer as audio is being played.
getMinBufferSize() returns the estimated minimum buffer size required for an AudioTrack object to be created in the MODE_STREAM mode.
private int minTrackBufferSize; private static final int SAMPLING_RATE = 44100; minTrackBufferSize = AudioTrack.getMinBufferSize(SAMPLING_RATE, AudioFormat.CHANNEL_OUT_MONO, AudioFormat.ENCODING_PCM_16BIT); audioTrack = new AudioTrack( AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC, SAMPLING_RATE, AudioFormat.CHANNEL_OUT_MONO, AudioFormat.ENCODING_PCM_16BIT, minTrackBufferSize, AudioTrack.MODE_STREAM);
Function createBuffer() creates the audio buffer that is played using the audio track object i.e audio track object would write this buffer on playback stream. Function below fills random values in the buffer due to which a random signal is generated. If we want to generate some specific wave like Square Wave, Sine Wave, Triangular Wave, we have to fill the buffer accordingly.
public short[] createBuffer(int frequency) { // generating a random buffer for now short[] buffer = new short[minTrackBufferSize]; for (int i = 0; i < minTrackBufferSize; i++) { buffer[i] = (short) (random.nextInt(32767) + (-32768)); } return buffer; }
We created a write() method and passed the audio buffer created in above step as an argument to the method. This method writes audio buffer into audio stream for playback.
public void write(short[] buffer) { /* write buffer to audioTrack */ audioTrack.write(buffer, 0, buffer.length); }
Amplitude of the signal can be controlled by changing the volume level of the stream on which the buffer is being played. As we are playing the audio in music stream, so STREAM_MUSIC is passed as a parameter to the setStreamVolume() method.
value: value is amplitude level of the stream. Every stream has its different amplitude levels. getStreamMaxVolume(STREAM_TYPE) method is used to find the maximum valid amplitude level of any stream.
flag: this stackoverflow post explain all the flags of the AudioManager class.
AudioManager audioManager = (AudioManager)getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE); audioManager.setStreamVolume(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC, value, flag);
Roadmap
We are working on implementing methods to fill audio buffer with specific values such that waves like Sinusoidal wave, Square Wave, Sawtooth Wave can be generated during the playback of the buffer using the AudioTrack object.
The PSLab device has three pins dedicated to function as programmable voltage sources (PVS) and one pin for programmable current source (PCS).
In the following schematic; the collector current can be calculated using known PV1 value and the measured CH1 value as follows;
